February 2015

Offshore Wind-parks and mild Winters.
Contribution from Ships, Fishery, Windparks etc.
Online - HERE


./.
 

"CLIMATE IS THE CONTINUATION OF THE OCEANS BY OTHER MEANS"
see: NATURE 1992, “Climate Change”, Vol. 360, p. 292; http://www.whatisclimate.
com/1992-nature.html

Explained by historical examples in 8 PPT/PDF  lectures at:
http://climate-ocean.com/
 



 Overview below >GO<
./.

 



Reference links :

www.bernaerts-sealaw.com

www.arctic-warming.com

www.1ocean-1climate.com

www.seaclimate.com
How Spitsbergen Heats the World
NEW 2009
www.arctic-heats-up.com

 Climate defined by IPCC

Silly? Very Silly?? Naive???
Posted by Dr. Arnd Bernaerts, April 2014

 Clear and unambiguous definitions of all terms used are
 
a prerequisite for any meaningful communication,
 
and for sound scientific work.  

  • A definition serves to sharpen, clarify, or point out the objective of discourse.
  • A definition attempts to explain a word using other words.
  • A definition is a statement that explains the meaning of a term.

 Does IPCC in its 5th Report [AR5-WGI, 2013] since 1990 observe such basic rules? The Glossary, attached as Annex III (pp. 1447-1465), does not, stating that  

Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather,
or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system.

 On the other hand it represents the state of climate science. Neither the World Meteorology Organisation or other scientific organisations or institutions use a different terminology. Is climate science incapable to define what they are talking about? An analysis of the term CLIMATE as defined in the Glossary (left column) show big flaws (right column).     

Climate  [1]

 

[1] The term ‘climate’ (used in Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination of the sun) was used to describe the average weather at a location according the season. It was a layman’s term over 3000 years. As a scientific term it came in use only during the last decades. [A], [B], [C]; more HERE

in a narrow sense [2]

[2] What is CLIMATE in a wider sense?

is usually defined [3]

[3] Is there any “unusual” CLIMATE definition? What shall “usual” explain? 

as the average[5]
weather [4],[6].

 

[4] The term ‘weather’ is not listed in the IPCC-Glossary! The core term is not defined! Silly? A joke?

[5] ‘Weather’ presumably consists of up to several hundred parameters or descriptions. More details HERE, and HERE..

[6] ‘Weather’ is also a layman’s term since immemorial times, as described in the AMS-Glossary: “As the state of the atmosphere, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities.” While it is a perfectly common term in the layman’s sphere, it is totally insufficient for scientific work.

or more rigorously [7] ,

 

[7] If the initial explanation ‘explains’ nothing (1-5), a more ‘rigorous’ approach explains either nothing.

as the statistical description [8]

 

[8] The word statistic is a quantity computed from sample data. A statistical description is a synonym of statistic. Once a statistic always a statistic.

in terms of the mean [9]

[9] Which ‘terms’, which ‘means’?

and variability [10]

 

[10] Which variability is meant? IPCC-Glossary cause confusion if saying: “Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes with the climate system (individual variability, or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).” Do they mean ‘weather variability’ or statistical variability’?

of relevant quantities [12]

[12] Who defines what is a ‘relevant quantity’?

over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years [13]. 
 

[13] What a flaw! How can science work with such nonsense? How can the general public and politics understand and evaluate ‘scientific findings’?

The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. [14]

[14] Wrong, at least misleading! Only once the predecessor of the WMO agreed in 1935 that the period from 1901 to 1930 should be used to express departures from mean datax). Not only has this fixed indicator been abandoned, but also the time span of 30 years. What is now a ‘change’?
           x)
Kincer, J.B., 1935; Monthly Weather Review, 63, 342-344, available online at:   
                   http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/063/mwr-063-12-0342.pdf.

The relevant quantities [15] are most often surface [16] variables

such as temperature, precipitation and wind [17]

[15] see [above 12]

[16] What shall the word ‘surface’ indicate?

[17] ‘Weather’ consists of several hundred parameters, see [5]

Climate in a wider sense [18] is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system [19] ; [IPCC definition, next box below]

 

[18] The whole sentence is confusing and utterly nonsense. It actually says: “Climate is the state of the climate system”. According IPCC definition, climate is statistic. Why do the authors include in the sentence: “including a statistical description”.

[19] Deliberate or naive? The definition of ‘climate system’ explains nothing. The same definition could be used to explain ‘nature’, consisting “of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere, and the interactions between them.”

IPCC-Glossary says: The climate system is the highly complex system consisting of five major components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere, and the interactions between them. The climate system evolves in time under the influence of its own internal dynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic forcings such as the changing composition of the atmosphere and land use change. 

 Recently Dr. Tim Ball titled a post (25. Feb. 2014 - HERE): “Government Weather and Climate Forecasts Are Failures”; mentioning –inter alia-: 
Around 300 BC Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle’s, wrote a book setting out the first rules for weather forecasting. In the Book of Signs, he recorded over 200 empirical indicators such as “A halo around the moon portends rain.” Many skeptics, including me, say we haven’t come very far since. Indeed, I would argue we have regressed.“

 That seems to be the case. A science which is not able to define the central terms they use: weather and climate, and is unable to name the oceans as the most potential driver of atmospheric processes, will fail to advise politics and the public fair, competent, correct, and thoroughly.    
                          Unambiguous definitions of all terms used are a prerequisite 
                                                    for any sound scientific work.  

[A]

H.H. Lamb, Meteorological Office Bracknell, Berkshire (UK), “The New Look of Climatology”, NATURE, Vol. 223, September 20, 1969, pp.1209ff;                             

Only thirty years ago climatology was generally regarded as the mere dry-as-dust bookkeeping end of meteorology.

[B]

F. Kenneth Hare, 1979; „The Vaulting of Intellectual Barriers: The Madison Thrust in Climatology“,  Bulletin American Meteorological Society , Vol. 60, 1979, p. 1171 – 1124

This is obviously the decade in which climate is coming into its own. You hardly heard the word professionally in the 1940s. It was a layman's word. Climatologists were the halt and the lame. And as for the climatologists in public service, in the British service you actually, had to be medically disabled in order to get into the climatologically division! Climatology was a menial occupation that came on the pecking scale somewhat below the advertising profession. It was clearly not the age of climate.

[C]

Spencer Weart, 2007,  “The Discovery of Global Warming”: Chapter: Climatology as a Profession; http://www.aip.org/history/climate . Available as book: HARVARD UNIV. PRESS, 2003.

__At the middle of the 20th century the study of climate was a scientific backwater. People who called themselves “climatologists” were mostly drudges who compiled statistics about weather conditions in regions of interest—the average temperatures, extremes of rainfall, and so forth.
__Climatology could hardly be scientific when meteorology itself was more art than science.
__(Aside)…..meteorology was scarcely seen as a field of science at all, let along a science firmly based on physics. Meteorology, one academic practitioner complained to another in 1950, “is still suffering from the trade-school blues.”

                                                                     back to A, B, C

 

The subject in detail: 

“Is the term ‚climate’ too unspecific for a fruitful discussion?”
A detailed analysis, 10 pages, in: hmtl, in; PDF
Presented at

22nd International  Conference, Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Technology, 
June 1 - 5 June, 2010,
University of  Hawai`i at  Hilo /USA  

National Conference on  “Climate Change and Future Security“, Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, 
January 08 - 09, 2011
Loyola College Chennai/India


How could it happen that more than a dozen of the most prestigious scientific associations signed and submitted this letter on ‘climate change’ without having ensured that the used terminology is sufficiently defined. Read the rest of the entry












Book, 222 pages, about 170 figures,
14 full page color temperature maps,

2012


available from major online book stores and book sellers

online: http://www.seaclimate.com/ 

"Failures of Meteorology! 
 Unable to Prevent Climate Change and World Wars? 
Oceans Make Climate!
"

Not knowing the reason for the biggest climatic shift since industrialization, which started in winter 1939/40, rectifies to speak about failures of meteorology. Only four months into Second World War Northern Europe experienced the coldest winter in 100 years. The reason: plain physics! Naval war in Northern European seas released the summer heat too quickly. Polar air got free access to Europe . The same applies to the second and third war winter. Europe was back in the Little Ice Age. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7th, 1941 naval war became a global affair. In close conformity with naval war in European seas, and subsequently in the Pacific, a pronounced global cooling took place, which lasted until about the mid 1970s. Furthermore, a thorough research of strong warming in the Northern Hemisphere from winter 1918/19 to winter 1939/40 would have revealed a convincing link to naval war in Europe from 1914 to 1918. 

 Claims to understand climate should be regarded as a failure as long as meteorology is unable to explain the two most pronounced climatic shifts during the last century and the role two world wars had in this game. These two events would show that the oceans have a dominate role in the climate system, and man is able to change its direction by intensive activities in the marine environment. It took four months to generate the extreme regional winter 1939/40; and subsequently a few years to contribute to global cooling lasting for three.  

The book should alter the debate on climate change!

BoD, Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt ; pages 222;
About 170 figures and 14 color temperature maps;
only in b/w if manufactured outside Europe .

The book in PDF: www.oceanclimate.de

 

Collection of Information, Material, Discussion from 2007 to 2012
A Basics & The term Climate B Climate & Climate change C Weather & Climate

114a_ American Meteorology Society’s Glossary concerning the meaning of: weather, climate, and climate change

111_ UNFCCC's "Glossary of climate change acronyms" - Two UNFCCC glossaries with surprises -

113_ Various Glossaries Concerning meaning of:  Climate, climate change, and weather

202 Open Letter on &bdquo;Climate Change:
Reply concerning the letter, 21st October, to the U.S.A. Senate by the listed institutions

206 IPCC says that there are important differences between weather and climate. Is the claim serious science?

211_ What is Climate, had been asked when: Climate Science: Roger A. Pielke Sr Research Group Weblog started in July 2005

212_ Need to talk about, 2009

304_ Just a word on the words "weather" and "climate". Here science fails

305_ What is Weather? Is 'average weather' climate?

330_ Prof. Roger A. Pielke Sr calls for recognition that an equivalence of global warming and climate change is erroneous

315_ How did Thomas A. Blair describe in 1942: Weather, Climate and Climatology?

D Climatology, Politique & International Institutions E Contribution & Papers on UNFCCC F This & That -in brief-

410_ Recently, April 2007, WMO evaluated its role in 'Global Climate Change Issues'

411_ About Valerio Lucarini’s effort to define climate science in 2002

510_ Roger. A. Pielke Jr. on: Misdefining "climate change", 2005

516b_Daniel Bodansky (II) – 1993 – The Convention in place – A Commentary

516c_Daniel Bodansky (III) – 2004 – On how the FCCC emerged

Various V (and more)

Various VI (and more)

VariousVII (and more)

 Biography Dr. Arnd Bernaerts

 
 


Chronicle Archive
archive 2012
 
archive 2011
 
archive 2010

 
archive 2009

 
archive 2008
 


archive 2007


 

Want to comment?
Email us!


 

Previous archives Year 2010
Year 2009


Essays from 1992 to 1997 on CLIMATE
by Dr. Arnd Bernaerts

1994
“Legal Means for Understanding the Marine and climatic Change Issue”,
p.24 presented at the 28th Annual Conf. of the Law of the Sea Institute, Honolulu
 


 

1992
“Conditions for the protection of the global climate”,
p.53 presented at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht
 


 

1997
Black Sea-Model Case
--Paper, p.53

www.1ocean-1system.de
--Conf-Paper, p. 6

 




Four short texts
1994 Moscow

1994 LOS

1993 LOS

1992 Nature

Note to User
Kindly indicate:
www.whatisclimate.com
as source
Terms & Conditions
whatisclimate.com