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“Is the term ‚climate’
too unspecific for a fruitful discussion?” |
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22nd
International Conference, Pacific
Congress on Marine Science and Technology, June
1 - 5 June, 2010, |
National Conference on
“Climate
Change and Future Security“, Loyola |
New
February
2015
Offshore Wind-parks and mild Winters.
Contribution from Ships, Fishery, Windparks etc.
Online - HERE
./.
"CLIMATE
IS THE CONTINUATION OF THE OCEANS BY OTHER MEANS"
see:
NATURE 1992, “Climate Change”, Vol. 360, p. 292; http://www.whatisclimate.
com/1992-nature.html
Explained
by historical examples in 8 PPT/PDF
lectures at:
http://climate-ocean.com/
Overview
below >GO<
./.
| Reference links : www.bernaerts-sealaw.com www.arctic-warming.com www.1ocean-1climate.com www.seaclimate.com |
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| NEW 2009 |
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| www.arctic-heats-up.com |
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Previous post: Roger
Pielke Sr. and Climate Definition - GO Climate
defined by IPCC
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Climate
in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, |
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[1]
The term ‘climate’ (used in Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination
of the sun) was used to describe the average weather at a location
according the season. It was a layman’s term over 3000 years. As a
scientific term it came in use only during the last decades. [A],
[B], [C]; more HERE |
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in
a narrow sense [2] |
[2]
What is CLIMATE in a wider sense? |
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is
usually defined [3] |
[3]
Is there any “unusual” CLIMATE definition? What shall
“usual” explain? |
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as
the average[5] |
[4]
The term ‘weather’ is not listed in the IPCC-Glossary! The core
term is not defined! Silly? A joke? [5]
‘Weather’ presumably consists of up to several hundred
parameters or descriptions. More details HERE,
and HERE.. [6]
‘Weather’ is also a layman’s term since immemorial times, as
described in the AMS-Glossary: “As the state of the atmosphere,
mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities.”
While it is a perfectly common term in the layman’s sphere, it is
totally insufficient for scientific work. |
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or
more rigorously [7] , |
[7]
If the initial explanation ‘explains’ nothing (1-5), a more
‘rigorous’ approach explains either nothing. |
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as
the statistical description [8] |
[8]
The word statistic
is a quantity computed from sample data. A statistical description
is a synonym of statistic. Once a statistic always a statistic. |
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in
terms of the mean [9] |
[9]
Which ‘terms’, which ‘means’? |
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and
variability [10] |
[10]
Which variability is meant? IPCC-Glossary cause confusion if saying:
“Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and
other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of
extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales
beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to
natural internal processes with the climate system (individual
variability, or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).”
Do they mean ‘weather variability’ or statistical variability’?
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of
relevant quantities [12] |
[12]
Who defines what is a ‘relevant quantity’? |
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over
a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of
years [13]. |
[13]
What a flaw! How can science work with such nonsense? How can the
general public and politics understand and evaluate ‘scientific
findings’? |
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The
classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as
defined by the World Meteorological Organization. [14] |
[14]
Wrong, at least misleading! Only once the predecessor of the WMO
agreed in 1935 that the period from 1901 to 1930 should be used to
express departures from mean datax). Not only has this
fixed indicator been abandoned, but also the time span of 30 years.
What is now a ‘change’? |
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The
relevant quantities [15] are most often surface [16] variables such
as temperature, precipitation and wind [17] |
[15]
see [above 12] [16]
What shall the word ‘surface’ indicate? [17] ‘Weather’ consists of several hundred parameters, see [5] |
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Climate
in a wider sense [18] is the state, including a statistical
description, of the climate system [19]
; [IPCC definition, next box below] |
[18]
The whole sentence is confusing and utterly nonsense. It actually
says: “Climate is the state of the climate system”. According
IPCC definition, climate is statistic. Why do the authors include in
the sentence: “including a statistical description”. [19]
Deliberate or naive? The definition of ‘climate system’ explains
nothing. The same definition could be used to explain ‘nature’,
consisting “of the
atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the
biosphere, and the interactions between them.” |
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IPCC-Glossary says: The
climate system is the highly complex system consisting of five major
components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the
lithosphere and the biosphere, and the interactions between them.
The climate system evolves in time under the influence of its own
internal dynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic
eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic forcings such as the
changing composition of the atmosphere and land use change.
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Around 300 BC Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle’s, wrote a book
setting out the first rules for weather forecasting. In the Book of Signs,
he recorded over 200 empirical indicators such as “A halo around the
moon portends rain.” Many skeptics, including me, say we haven’t come
very far since. Indeed, I would argue we have regressed.“
Unambiguous definitions of all
terms
used are a prerequisite
for
any
sound scientific work.
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H.H.
Lamb, Meteorological Office Bracknell, Berkshire (UK), “The New Look of
Climatology”, NATURE, Vol. 223, September 20, 1969,
pp.1209ff;
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Only
thirty years ago climatology was generally regarded as the mere
dry-as-dust bookkeeping end of meteorology. |
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F. Kenneth Hare, 1979; „The Vaulting of Intellectual Barriers:
The Madison Thrust in Climatology“,
Bulletin American Meteorological Society , Vol. 60, 1979, p.
1171 – 1124 |
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This
is obviously the decade in which climate is coming into its own. You
hardly heard the word professionally in the 1940s. It was a layman's
word. Climatologists were the halt and the lame. And as for the
climatologists in public service, in the British service you
actually, had to be medically disabled in order to get into the
climatologically division! Climatology was a menial occupation that
came on the pecking scale somewhat below the advertising profession.
It was clearly not the age of climate. |
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Spencer Weart, 2007, “The
Discovery of Global Warming”: Chapter: Climatology as a
Profession; http://www.aip.org/history/climate
. Available as book: HARVARD
UNIV. PRESS, 2003. |
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__At
the middle of the 20th century the study of climate was a scientific
backwater. People who called themselves “climatologists” were
mostly drudges who compiled statistics about weather conditions in
regions of interest—the average temperatures, extremes of rainfall,
and so forth. |
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Previous Post
Roger Pielke Sr. and Climate Definition
- A field of jargon words and misuse of definitions –
-- Rubbish terms: Climate and Climate system --
December 2012
ADDENDUM:
Roger Pielke Sr.
concerning “AGU Statement on Climate Change”;
>GO<
August 2013
by Dr. Arnd Bernaerts
It is a pity. Prof. Roger Pielke Sr ended to run his invaluable weblog “Climate Science: Roger Pielke Sr.“
on November 13, 2012, which he had started with a post on the
topic “What is Climate? Why Does it Matter How We Define
Climate?” on July 11, 2005. We discussed his consideration critical in
2007 (here B-211; and B-330). He, as well as his son Roger Pielke Jr. (here E-510),
belong to the very few scientists that have addressed the climate
definition issue critical. In the last seven years R. Pielke Sr.
did it frequently. In a 
post on June 15, 2012
(HERE)
he commended once again: “The terminology in the field of climate and
environmental science is filled with jargon words and the misuse of
definitions.” Particularly he opposes the term “climate change”,
because the term is being extensively used to mean “anthropogenic
caused changes in climate” from nearly ”static“ climatic
conditions. Instead only the term “climate” or “climate system” should
be used, concluding that the post shall “alert others to the frequent
mischaracterization of the climate system”. Regrettably his
considerations lack even basic clarity and do not end the mischief in
the disastrous climate terminology. Nothing is solved if “climate
change” is replaced by “climate system”. It would require saying
precisely and in a meaningful way what “climate” is.
Back in 2005 Roger Pielke Sr. assumed in his first post (see above)
that “the climate is the system consisting of the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere”. Later he merely presented it
more detailed definition without altering the basics.
For
example, in “Physics Today” (Nov.2008, p.54f)
he wrote:
“For
many, the term “climate” refers to long-term weather statistics.
However, more broadly and more accurately, the definition of climate is
a system consisting of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and
biosphere. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are involved in
interactions among the components and the climate system. Vegetation,
soil moisture, and glaciers, for example, are ass much a part of the
climate system as are temperature and precipitation.”
The definition is meaningless. It explains nothing. Beside from not mentioning the fundamental relevance of sun ray, “weather” can either be defined as: a system consisting of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. In the same way “nature” can be defined. If weather, climate, nature, need or can only be defined in the same way, than it is misleading to use different words, but claim that there is a distinction. Nevertheless one can often read: “weather is not the same as climate”. That is talking rubbish.
The starting point is that “climate” is generally defined as average weather (by WMO and others) without defining “weather” in the first place (discussed HERE and HERE). It is a comparison between apples and pears. One item has a physical background; the other item is a ‘man-made’ technical mean, which we know as “statistic”. “Weather” consists of many dozen components (AMS-Glossary), which can be described in many hundred ways (see HERE). The statistic of single physical element, or specification of atmospheric behaviour, remain an abstract mean.
On first view Roger Pielke Sr. seems to be aware of it when he writes
(June 15, 2012, HERE):
When change is discussed, the specific component that is being
discussed should be presented, such as an increase in annual
averaged surface air temperatures, a decrease in the length of growing
season etc. Unfortunately, he spoils this approach by the
subsequent sentence:
Phrases such as “changes in regional and global climate statistic”
could be used. This assumption is wrong. Regardless what kind of
regional or global weather statistics is at stake, it is necessary to
name the “specific component” individually and precisely.
Assuming that one or several statistical components are able to make-up
a weather or a nature “system consisting of the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere” would always result in a
failure. “Climate” is a meaningless term, and scientifically
incomprehensive in what ever combination with other words.
The
failure of science to come up with appropriate climate definitions
misleads the general public and politicians on how the prevent man-made
changes in the atmosphere (more HERE and HERE).
The oceans drive the weather and are the main source of changing
statistic values. Roger Pielke Sr. addressed this aspect only partly
(July 11, 2005; HERE):
“Ocean heat content changes are the much more appropriate metric than a globally-averaged
surface temperature when evaluating “global warming” in any case.”
Ocean input is much more relevant than this statement suggests, but is
too complex to be outlined here any further. Nevertheless, we
appreciate his statement highly, as he is one of the very few
scientists who have given the ocean more weight. In his closing post
Roger Pielke Sr. expressed his intention to “… spend more of my time on
research papers.” We wish him well and all success.
Everything comes from water!!
Everything is maintained through water!
Ocean, give us your eternal power.
Drama: Faust II; Act 2, J. W. v. Goethe (1749-1832)
Addendum:
The climate definition by Roger Pielke Sr. in his essay concerning the
“AGU Statement on Climate Change”,
as published by Judith Curry on
August 5, 2013.
HERE:
http://judithcurry.com/2013/08/05/agu-statement-on-climate-change/
Posted: 07. August,
2013
Roger
Pielke Sr is a dissenting voice on the panel that wrote the statement.
His response to the “AGU
Statement on Climate Change” (Adopted December 2003; Revised and
Reaffirmed 2007, 2012, August 2013) was posted by Judith Curry on 5th
August 2013 at: http://judithcurry.com/2013/08/05/agu-statement-on-climate-change/.
In his view the Statement accepted by the Committee incompletely does
and/or does not address at all a number of issues. As first point of six
he addresses is the question:
“1. What is the definition of climate and climate change?”,
which he subsequently describes as:
the elements in the climate system (including
the atmosphere, ocean,
land surface and cryosphere), including both the
mean state and any variations over time.
·
Climate change is defined as a shift
in the statistical description of climate.
A statistic is a statistic of the
‘element’ in question. To say climate is the “statistical
description of all elements in the climate system” is circularity,
obscure and explains nothing. The common explanation “climate is
average (statistical) weather” is scientifically meaningless, if
“weather” is not defined in the first place. Circumventing the
problem “weather” by replacing it with indefinite “elements” (which
can be several thousands) solves nothing. The collection, organization,
analysis, interpretation and presentation of data (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
) from the atmosphere, ocean, land surface and cryosphere does neither
represents: weather or climate.
Partly
posted at: http://judithcurry.com/2013/08/05/agu-statement-on-climate-change/#comment-361136
The subject in detail:
|
“Is the term ‚climate’
too unspecific for a fruitful discussion?” |
|
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22nd
International Conference, Pacific
Congress on Marine Science and Technology, |
National Conference on
“Climate
Change and Future Security“, Loyola |
Reply to a letter by 18 scientific organizations to the U.S.A. Senate on climate legislation.
|
1 |
How
man makes climate! 2.
Only
four months needed for a man made extreme winter 1939/40?
The naval war share – A proof
in three steps! 3.
Cold
Pole over 4.
Worst
weather forecast ever finished Blitzkrieg on 5th December
1941! How
Hitler shot himself in the foot! Failure of meteorology - a
boon to mankind!
http://climate-ocean.com/images/Lect/_4_EN.pdf 5.
3rd
Extreme War Winter 1941/42 was predictable! Naval war caused weather that stopped Wehrmacht to reach 6.
Two
World Wars! Two Climate Changes! The Role of Naval Warfare! 7.
Did
Naval War in the Pacific contribute to climate change?
8.
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2 |
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3 |
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5 |
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7 |
8 |
 |
NEW
Book, 222 pages, about 170 figures, 14 full page color
temperature maps, |
"Failures
of Meteorology!
Unable
to Prevent Climate Change and World Wars?
Oceans Make Climate!"
Not knowing the reason for the biggest
climatic shift since industrialization, which started in winter
1939/40, rectifies to speak about failures of meteorology. Only four
months into Second World War Northern Europe experienced the coldest
winter in 100 years. The reason: plain physics! Naval war in Northern
European seas released the summer heat too quickly. Polar air got free
access to
The
book should alter the debate on climate change!
BoD, Books on Demand
GmbH,
About 170 figures and 14 color temperature maps;
only in b/w if manufactured outside
The book in PDF: www.oceanclimate.de
| A | Basics & The term Climate | B | Climate & Climate change | C | Weather & Climate |
202 Open Letter on „Climate Change: 206 IPCC says that there are important differences between weather and climate. Is the claim serious science? 211_ What is Climate, had been asked when: Climate Science: Roger A. Pielke Sr Research Group Weblog started in July 2005 212_ Need to talk about, 2009 |
304_ Just a word on the words "weather" and "climate". Here science fails 305_ What is Weather? Is 'average weather' climate? 330_ Prof. Roger A. Pielke Sr calls for recognition that an equivalence of global warming and climate change is erroneous 315_ How did Thomas A. Blair describe in 1942: Weather, Climate and Climatology? |
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| D | Climatology, Politique & International Institutions | E | Contribution & Papers on UNFCCC | F | This & That -in brief- |
410_ Recently, April 2007, WMO evaluated its role in 'Global Climate Change Issues' 411_ About
Valerio Lucarini’s effort to define climate science in 2002 |
510_ Roger. A. Pielke Jr. on: Misdefining "climate change", 2005 516b_Daniel
Bodansky (II) – 1993 – The Convention in place – A
Commentary 516c_Daniel
Bodansky (III) – 2004 – On how the FCCC emerged |
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- click here -
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Chronicle Archive |
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Want to comment? |
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| Essays from 1992 to 1997 on CLIMATE by Dr. Arnd Bernaerts |
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| 1994 “Legal Means for Understanding the Marine and climatic Change Issue”, p.24 presented at the 28th Annual Conf. of the Law of the Sea Institute, Honolulu |
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| 1992 “Conditions for the protection of the global climate”, p.53 presented at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht |
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1997 www.1ocean-1system.de |
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| Four short texts 1994 Moscow 1994 LOS 1993 LOS 1992 Nature |
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Kindly indicate:
www.whatisclimate.com
as source
whatisclimate.com